Movie S2.

The same white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) foraging during our laboratory experiments in the 61 dB(A) traffic noise treatment. Note the lower foraging rate and higher vigilance rate as the bird keeps its head raised during much of the trial and makes short, fast pecks in search of food. Also notice the limited movement of the bird around the foraging arena.

A phantom road experiment reveals traffic noise is an invisible source of habitat degradation

Heidi E. Ware, Christopher J. W. McClure, Jay D. Carlisle, and Jesse R. Barber

PNAS. 2015. 112:12105-12109 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504710112