Movie S1.

TIRF imaging of nanobubbles generated on an ITO electrode during a voltage scan from 0 to -2.0 V at 100 mV/s vs Pt QRE in water containing 1 M Na2SO4 and 10 nM R6G. Video was recorded at 19.81 frames/s with a 50-ms exposure time and played in real time. Scale bar is 5 μm.