Movie S4.

Zero net locomotion in muscle ring-powered bio-bot with symmetric geometry (FEA). FEA simulation of electrically stimulated actuation of both muscle rings in a bio-bot with symmetric geometry. Due to overall symmetry of both geometry and force production, the bio-bot demonstrates zero net locomotion.

Optogenetic skeletal muscle-powered adaptive biological machines

Ritu Raman, Caroline Cvetkovic, Sebastien G. M. Uzel, Randall J. Platt, Parijat Sengupta, Roger D. Kamm, and Rashid Bashir

PNAS. 2016. 113:3497-3502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516139113