Movie S4.
Zero net locomotion in muscle ring-powered bio-bot with symmetric geometry (FEA). FEA simulation of electrically stimulated actuation of both muscle rings in a bio-bot with symmetric geometry. Due to overall symmetry of both geometry and force production, the bio-bot demonstrates zero net locomotion.
Optogenetic skeletal muscle-powered adaptive biological machines
PNAS. 2016. 113:3497-3502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516139113