Movie S3.

Forward swimming, experiment and simulation. (A) Free-floating swimmer is actuated by neuromuscular units, (B) generating forward locomotion. First 10 seconds are the rest phase, optical stimulation begins at t=10s. (C) Simulation illustrates the same outcome where tail deflections caused by muscle contractions drive (D) forward locomotion. Movie plays at 4x speed.

Neuromuscular actuation of biohybrid motile bots

Onur Aydin, Xiaotian Zhang, Sittinon Nuethong, Gelson J. Pagan-Diaz, Rashid Bashir, Mattia Gazzola, and M. Taher A. Saif

PNAS. 2019. 116:19841-19847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907051116